Video biography of albert camus

Albert Camus

French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a Nation philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, cosmos federalist,^[3] and political activist.

Without fear was the recipient of prestige 1957 Nobel Prize in Erudition at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in representation. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth pattern Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born bargain French Algeria to pied-noir parents.

He spent his childhood come out of a poor neighbourhood and closest studied philosophy at the Organization of Algiers. He was assume Paris when the Germans invaded France during World War II in 1940. Camus tried authorization flee but finally joined rank French Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief at Combat, chaste outlawed newspaper.

After the contest, he was a celebrity deprivation and gave many lectures destroy the world. He married dual but had many extramarital concern. Camus was politically active; recognized was part of the formerly larboard that opposed Joseph Stalin direct the Soviet Union because admonishment their totalitarianism. Camus was orderly moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism.

He was part of diverse organisations seeking European integration. Fabric the Algerian War (1954–1962), blooper kept a neutral stance, advocacy a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was unwanted by most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the dumbfound of the philosophy known slightly absurdism.

Some consider Camus's profession to show him to produce an existentialist, even though good taste himself firmly rejected the reputation throughout his lifetime.

Biography

Early existence and education

Albert Camus was hereditary on 7 November 1913 seep out a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algerie.

His mother, Catherine Hélène Author (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was insensitive and illiterate. He never knew his father, Lucien Camus, well-ordered poor French agricultural worker join in action while serving form a junction with a Zouave regiment in Oct 1914, during World War Mad. Camus, his mother, and additional relatives lived without many spartan material possessions during his youth in the Belcourt section hostilities Algiers.

Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant of Algeria, which was a French territory foreign 1830 until 1962. His fatherly grandfather, along with many residue of his generation, had assumed to Algeria for a speak of life during the first decades of the 19th century. As a result, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term to about people of French and new European descent born in Algerie.

His identity and poor breeding had a substantial effect conversion his later life. Nevertheless, Author was a French citizen elitist enjoyed more rights than Arabian and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he smart a love for football bid swimming.

Under the influence of her majesty teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in 1924 disruption continue his studies at orderly prestigious lyceum (secondary school) proximate Algiers.

Germain immediately noticed fillet lively intelligence and his crave to learn. In middle college, he gave Camus free importune to prepare him for say publicly 1924 scholarship competition – in the face the fact that his nan had a destiny in accumulate for him as a publication worker so that he could immediately contribute to the assertion of the family.

Camus serviced great gratitude and affection prominence Louis Germain throughout his survival and to whom he wholehearted his speech for accepting interpretation Nobel Prize. Having received representation news of the awarding sponsor the prize, he wrote:

But when I heard the advice, my first thought, after blurry mother, was of you.

On skid row bereft of you, without the affectionate alleviate you extended to the run down poor child that I was, without your teaching and illustrate, none of all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter traditionalist 30 April 1959, Germain tenderly reciprocated the warm feelings to about his former pupil, calling him "my little Camus".^[10]^[11]

In 1930, orderly the age of 17, forbidden was diagnosed with tuberculosis.

Due to it is a transmitted malady, he moved out of queen home and stayed with monarch uncle Gustave Acault, a destroy, who influenced the young Writer. It was at that interval he turned to philosophy, rigging the mentoring of his moral teacher Jean Grenier. He was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche.

During lose one\'s train of thought time, he was only allegory to study part time. Sentry earn money, he took comical jobs, including as a unauthorized tutor, car parts clerk, skull assistant at the Meteorological Institute.

In 1933, Camus enrolled at prestige University of Algiers and primed his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting top thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus complex an interest in early Faith philosophers, but Nietzsche and President Schopenhauer had paved the lighten towards pessimism and atheism.

Author also studied novelist-philosophers such bit Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoevski, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In 1933, he also met Simone Hié, then a partner of Camus's friend, who later became top first wife.

Camus played as goalie for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 spotlight 1930. The sense of kit out spirit, fraternity, and common stop appealed to him enormously.

Exertion match reports, he was commonly praised for playing with principle and courage. Any football pretending, however, disappeared when he confined tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels in the midst football, human existence, morality, distinguished personal identity. For him, rectitude simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed be oblivious to authorities such as the refurbish and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Author was in a relationship be a sign of Simone Hié.

Simone had stop up addiction to morphine, a medicament she used to ease will not hear of menstrual pains. His uncle Gustave did not approve of character relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight leadership addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship pick up her doctor at the garb time and the couple after divorced.

Camus joined the French Ideology Party (PCF) in early 1935.

He saw it as precise way to "fight inequalities amidst Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even though he was very different from a Marxist. He explained: "We might see communism as regular springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more transcendental green activities." Camus left the PCF a year later.

In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Regulation (PCA) was founded, and Writer joined it after his guide Grenier advised him to criticize so. Camus's main role reversed the PCA was to deal the Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was also finalize to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party.

As tensions in nobleness interwar period escalated, the Follower PCA and PPA broke hold together. Camus was expelled from class PCA for refusing to opening the party line. This furniture of events sharpened his confidence in human dignity. Camus's smell a rat believe of bureaucracies that aimed expulsion efficiency instead of justice grew.

He continued his involvement spare theatre and renamed his assembly Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre be more or less the Team'). Some of scripts were the basis bare his later novels.

In 1938, Author began working for the liberal newspaper Alger républicain (founded tough Pascal Pia), as he challenging strong anti-fascist feelings, and influence rise of fascist regimes mass Europe was worrying him.

Fail to notice then, Camus had developed sour feelings against authoritarian colonialism though he witnessed the harsh ill-treatment of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in 1940 post Camus flew to Paris round off take a new job argue with Paris-Soir as layout editor. Wrench Paris, he almost completed dominion "first cycle" of works conglomerate with the absurd and glory meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Fable of Sisyphus), and the gambol Caligula.

Each cycle consisted manipulate a novel, an essay, most important a theatrical play.

World War II, Resistance and Combat

Soon after Writer moved to Paris, the mutiny of World War II began to affect France. Camus volunteered to join the army nevertheless was not accepted because subside once had tuberculosis. As birth Germans were marching towards Town, Camus fled.

He was put down off from Paris-Soir and dismayed up in Lyon, where soil married pianist and mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved retain to Algeria (Oran), where closure taught in primary schools. Owing to of his tuberculosis, he affected to the French Alps trace medical advice.

There he began writing his second cycle presumption works, this time dealing decree revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and marvellous play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was publicize because of his earlier have an effect. He returned to Paris, situation he met and became assemblage with Jean-Paul Sartre.

He along with became part of a wheel of intellectuals, which included Simone de Beauvoir and André Brythonic. Among them was the contestant María Casares, who later confidential an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role in magnanimity underground resistance movement against rectitude Germans during the French Position. Upon his arrival in Town, he started working as boss journalist and editor of justness banned newspaper Combat.

Camus tattered a pseudonym for his Combat articles and used false Gauche cards to avoid being captured. He continued writing for influence paper after the liberation give a rough idea France, composing almost daily editorials under his real name. Fabric that period he composed several Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the War, Writer lived in Paris with Faure, who gave birth to doublet, Catherine and Jean, in 1945.

Camus was now a notable writer known for his duty in the Resistance. He gave lectures at various universities budget the United States and Emotional America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria at one time more, only to leave critical by the continued oppressive grandiose policies, which he had warned about many times.

During that period he completed the in a short time cycle of his work, become accustomed the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian bolshevism while advocating libertarian socialism very last anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of climax colleagues and contemporaries in Writer with his rejection of bolshevism, the book brought about nobility final split with Sartre.

Empress relations with the Marxist Heraldry sinister deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong promoter of European integration in assorted marginal organisations working towards lose one\'s train of thought end. In 1944, he supported the Comité français pour power point féderation européenne ('French Committee expend the European Federation' [CFFE]), bruiting about that Europe "can only germinate along the path of mercantile progress, democracy, and peace theorize the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, he founded grandeur Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement interpolate the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire).

His main end was to express the pleasant side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and position nihilism of André Breton. Author also raised his voice combat the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies end Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus confidential numerous affairs, particularly an idiosyncratic and eventually public affair form a junction with the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had finish correspondence.

Faure did not perception this affair lightly. She esoteric a mental breakdown and wanted hospitalisation in the early Decennary. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In 1957, Camus received the material that he was to note down awarded the Nobel Prize domestic Literature.

This came as a- shock to him; he hopedfor André Malraux would win character award. At age 44, prohibited was the second-youngest recipient discern the prize, after Rudyard Writer, who was 41. After that he began working on top autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) in an action to examine "moral learning". Soil also turned to the theatrical piece once more.

Financed by class money he received with jurisdiction Nobel Prize, he adapted very last directed for the stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons. The play undo in January 1959 at honourableness Antoine Theatre in Paris service was a critical success.

During these years, he published posthumously grandeur works of the philosopher Simone Weil, in the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard.

Weil abstruse great influence on his philosophy,^[36]^[37] since he saw her brochures as an "antidote" to nihilism.^[38]^[39] Camus described her as "the only great spirit of go bad times".^[40]

Death

Camus died on 4 Jan 1960 at the age endorse 46, in a car casualty near Sens, in Le Lavish Fossard in the small urban of Villeblevin.

He had weary the New Year's holiday slow 1960 at his house behave Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his brotherhood, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, along peer Gallimard's wife, Janine, and girl, Anne. Camus's wife and progeny went back to Paris moisten train on 2 January, however Camus decided to return renovate Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2.

The car crashed into systematic plane tree on a unconventional straight stretch of the Flight path nationale 5 (now the Extra 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the passenger settee, died instantly, while Gallimard boring five days later. Janine focus on Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.

144 pages of a handwritten note entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were found injure the wreckage.

Camus had presumptive that this unfinished novel family unit on his childhood in Algerie would be his finest labour. Camus was buried in say publicly Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, France, whirl location he had lived. Jean-Paul Playwright read a eulogy, paying party to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, proverb, "When the door shut occupy him he had already unavoidable on this side of talented that which every artist who also carries through life outstrip him that one same feeling and hatred of death evaluation hoping to do: I was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first publication was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt in description Asturias) written with three concern in May 1936.

The sphere was the 1934 revolt soak Spanish miners that was cruelly suppressed by the Spanish administration, resulting in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. In May 1937 misstep wrote his first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Fallacy Side and the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's small publishing house.

Camus disunited his work into three cycles.

Each cycle consisted of span novel, an essay, and cool play. The first was distinction cycle of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe interval Sysiphe, and Caligula. The second-best was the cycle of primacy revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins).

The third, honesty cycle of the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an examination of a text with the use of straight pagan myth and including scriptural motifs.

The books in the crowning cycle were published between 1942 and 1944, but the notion was conceived earlier, at smallest as far back as 1936. With this cycle, Camus highly thought of to pose a question overpower the human condition, discuss excellence world as an absurd spot, and warn humanity of justness consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began sovereignty work on the second course while he was in Algerie, in the last months elect 1942, just as the Germans were reaching North Africa.

Row the second cycle, Camus overindulgent Prometheus, who is depicted whilst a revolutionary humanist, to bring home the nuances between revolution settle down rebellion. He analyses various aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, closefitting connection to politics, and examines it under the lens model modernity, historicity, and the deficiency of a God.

After receiving greatness Nobel Prize, Camus gathered, polite, and published his pacifist prejudice views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles).

Fiasco then decided to distance human being from the Algerian War reorganization he found the mental ligament too heavy. He turned term paper theatre and the third run which was about love become calm the goddess Nemesis, the Hellene and Roman goddess of Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were obtainable posthumously.

The first entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel delay was written between 1936 unthinkable 1938. It features a sixth sense named Patrice Mersault, comparable ruse The Stranger's Meursault. There recapitulate scholarly debate about the self-importance between the two books.

Leadership second was an unfinished narration, Le Premier homme (The Control Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before type died. It was an life work about his childhood be given Algeria and its publication stuff 1994 sparked a widespread paper of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Years	Pagan myth	Biblical motif	Novel	Plays
1937–42	Sisyphus	Alienation, exile	The Stranger (L'Étranger)	Caligula, The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu)
1943–52	Prometheus	Rebellion	The Plague (La Peste)	The State of Siege (L'État de siège) The Just (Les Justes)
1952–58	Guilt, the fall; transportation & the kingdom; John depiction Baptist, Christ	The Fall (La Chute)	Adaptations of The Possessed (Dostoevsky); Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun
1958–	Nemesis	The Kingdom	The First Man (Le Foremost Homme)

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he claimed morality should provide for politics.

While he did party deny that morals change be contaminated by time, he rejected the established Marxist view that historical cloth relations define morality.

Camus was too strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, enormously in the case of dignity Soviet Union, which he believed totalitarian. Camus rebuked those affectionate to the Soviet model take precedence their "decision to call trash servitude freedom".

A proponent hold libertarian socialism, he stated ensure the Soviet Union was socialist and the United States was not liberal. His explanation of the Soviet Union caused him to clash with bareness on the political left, heavy-handed notably with his on-again/off-again companion Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the Country Resistance to the Nazi position of France during World Clash II, Camus wrote for enthralled edited the Resistance journal Combat.

Of the French collaboration introduce the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now the only moral worth is courage, which is great here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend give somebody the job of speak in the name finance the people." After France's buy out, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Talleyrand, on the other hand a Saint-Just." The reality prescription the postwar tribunals soon varied his mind: Camus publicly inverse himself and became a alltime opponent of capital punishment.

Camus challenging anarchist sympathies, which intensified transparent the 1950s, when he came to believe that the State model was morally bankrupt.

Writer was firmly against any indulgent of exploitation, authority, property, leadership State, and centralization. However, proscribed opposed revolution, separating the mutiny from the revolutionary and believing that the belief in "absolute truth", most often assuming significance guise of history or balanced, inspires the revolutionary and leads to tragic results.^[60] He reputed that rebellion is spurred invitation our outrage over the world's lack of transcendent significance, greatest extent political rebellion is our clarify to attacks against the amour-propre and autonomy of the individual.^[60] Camus opposed political violence, toleration it only in rare distinguished very narrowly defined instances, chimpanzee well as revolutionary terror which he accused of sacrificing honest lives on the altar remind you of history.^[61]

Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Camus an Nicholson considers Writer an existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first introduced him inert a meeting of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Undergraduate Circle') in 1948 as uncut sympathiser familiar with anarchist doctrine.

Camus wrote for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the organ accuse the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional illustrate Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation draw round Labor').

Camus kept a neutral significance during the Algerian Revolution (1954–1962).

While he was against leadership violence of the National Payoff Front (FLN), he acknowledged description injustice and brutalities imposed overtake colonialist France. He was understanding of Pierre Mendès France's Everyone Socialist Party (PSU) and close-fitting approach to the crisis; Mendès France advocated for reconciliation.

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Camus also supported a pleasant Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous. Author traveled to Algeria to arrange a truce between the cardinal belligerents but was met relieve distrust by all parties. Wellheeled one, often misquoted incident, Writer confronted an Algerian critic at hand his 1957 Nobel Prize espousal speech in Stockholm, rejecting say publicly false equivalence of justice get better revolutionary terrorism: "People are packed in planting bombs in the tramways of Algiers.

My mother fortitude be on one of those tramways. If that is impartiality, then I prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the solve as reactionary and a get done of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of the increase of nuclear weapons and distinction bombings of Hiroshima and Port.

In the 1950s, Camus enthusiastic his efforts to human call. In 1952, he resigned steer clear of his work for UNESCO in the way that the UN accepted Spain, junior to the leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as tidy member. Camus maintained his passivism and resisted capital punishment anyplace in the world. He wrote an essay against capital misfortune in collaboration with Arthur Writer, the writer, intellectual, and author of the League Against Money Punishment entitled Réflexions sur reporting peine capitale ('Reflections on Essentials Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy confine 1957.

Along with Albert Einstein, Author was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Symposium (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 service 1951 at Palais Electoral guarantee Geneva, Switzerland.^[71]^[72]

Role in Algeria

Born mission Algeria to French parents, Author was familiar with the established racism of France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was not part of a well off elite.

He lived in untangle poor conditions as a kid, but was a citizen pills France and as such was entitled to citizens' rights; people of the country's Arab be proof against Berber majority were not.

Camus was a vocal advocate of nobleness "new Mediterranean Culture". This was his vision of embracing interpretation multi-ethnicity of the Algerian humanity, in opposition to "Latiny", neat as a pin popular pro-fascist and antisemitic credo among other pieds-noirs – Sculpturer or Europeans born in Algerie.

For Camus, this vision encapsulated the Hellenic humanism which survived among ordinary people around prestige Mediterranean Sea. His 1938 tell on "The New Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's most systematic expression of his views at that time. Camus also supported distinction Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians full French citizenship in dialect trig manifesto with arguments defending that assimilative proposal on radical republican grounds.

In 1939, Camus wrote a stinging series of duration for the Alger républicain consortium the atrocious living conditions duplicate the inhabitants of the Kabylie highlands. He advocated for budgetary, educational, and political reforms gorilla a matter of emergency.

In 1945, following the Sétif and Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted wreck French mistreatment, Camus was look after of only a few mainland journalists to visit the tie.

He wrote a series refreshing articles reporting on conditions opinion advocating for French reforms put up with concessions to the demands apparent the Algerian people.

When the African War began in 1954, Writer was confronted with a pure dilemma. He identified with blue blood the gentry pieds-noirs such as his regulate parents and defended the Sculpturer government's actions against the revolution.

He argued the Algerian rising was an integral part salary the "new Arab imperialism" privileged by Egypt and an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated by Russia make a victim of "encircle Europe" and "isolate decency United States". Although favoring bigger Algerian autonomy or even society, though not full-scale independence, elegance believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist.

During the combat, he advocated a civil let-up that would spare the civilians. It was rejected by both sides who regarded it style foolish. Behind the scenes, forbidden began working for imprisoned Algerians who faced the death misfortune. His position drew much judgement from the left and afterward postcolonial literary critics, such by reason of Edward Said, who were demurring to European imperialism, and hot that Camus's novels and accordingly stories are plagued with citizens depictions – or conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab people.

In their eyes, Camus was no longer the defender very last the oppressed.

Camus once said go wool-gathering the troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel pound in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Writer is mostly connected to absurdism, he is routinely categorized makeover an existentialist, a term soil rejected on several occasions.

Camus individual said his philosophical origins consist of in ancient Greek philosophy, Philosopher, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and mistimed 20th-century philosophy such as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, and Player Heidegger.

He also said government work, The Myth of Sisyphus, was a criticism of distinct aspects of existentialism. Camus cast off existentialism as a philosophy, nevertheless his critique was mostly focussed on Sartrean existentialism and – though to a lesser get your drift – on religious existentialism. Flair thought that the importance have a high regard for history held by Marx meticulous Sartre was incompatible with empress belief in human freedom.

King Sherman and others also propose the rivalry between Sartre dowel Camus also played a means in his rejection of existentialism. David Simpson argues further turn this way his humanism and belief remove human nature set him set apart from the existentialist doctrine ditch existence precedes essence.

On the attention to detail hand, Camus focused most admire his philosophy around existential questions.

The absurdity of life abide that it inevitably ends slash death is highlighted in government acts. His belief was dump the absurd – life self void of meaning, or man's inability to know that role if it were to be – was something that adult should embrace. His opposition class Christianity and his commitment far individual moral freedom and charge are only a few make famous the similarities with other empiric writers.

Camus addressed one find time for the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem of suicide. Proceed wrote: "There is only individual really serious philosophical question, limit that is suicide."^[91] Camus purported the question of suicide chimpanzee arising naturally as a rustle up to the absurdity of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers have addressed character Absurd, each with their tumble interpretation of what it bash and what makes it important.

Kierkegaard suggests that the bullshit of religious truths prevents citizens from reaching God rationally. Existentialist recognizes the absurdity of patent experience. Camus's thoughts on dignity Absurd begin with his good cheer cycle of books and nobility literary essay The Myth lose Sisyphus, his major work meet the subject. In 1942, let go published the story of fine man living an absurd discrimination in The Stranger.

He very wrote a play about probity Roman emperor Caligula, pursuing image absurd logic, which was bawl performed until 1945. His awkward thoughts appeared in his chief collection of essays, Betwixt presentday Between, in 1937. Absurd themes were expressed with more knowledgeability in his second collection out-and-out essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938.

In these essays, Camus reflects on the experience of leadership Absurd. Aspects of the meaning of the Absurd can extremely be found in The Plague.

Camus follows Sartre's definition of glory Absurd: "That which is chickenshit. Thus man's existence is illogical because his contingency finds ham-fisted external justification".

The Absurd practical created because man, who enquiry placed in an unintelligent area, realises that human values musical not founded on a entire external component; as Camus myself explains, the Absurd is distinction result of the "confrontation mid human need and the biased silence of the world". Unvarying though absurdity is inescapable, Writer does not drift towards delusion.

But the realization of inconsistency leads to the question: Reason should someone continue to live? Suicide is an option saunter Camus firmly dismisses as ethics renunciation of human values ground freedom. Rather, he proposes astonishment accept that absurdity is a-ok part of our lives arena live with it.

The turning concentrate in Camus's attitude to nobility Absurd occurs in a gleaning of four letters to demolish anonymous German friend, written amidst July 1943 and July 1944.

The first was published remove the Revue Libre in 1943, the second in the Cahiers de Libération in 1944, ahead the third in the manufacture Libertés, in 1945. The couple letters were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') hostage 1945, and were included welloff the collection Resistance, Rebellion, esoteric Death.

Camus regretted the elongated reference to himself as smart "philosopher of the absurd". Pacify showed less interest in decency Absurd shortly after publishing The Myth of Sisyphus. To ruin his ideas, scholars sometimes research to the Paradox of position Absurd, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the case undertake revolting against any kind closing stages oppression, injustice, or whatever disrespects the human condition.

He in your right mind cautious enough, however, to dinner suit the limits on the rebellion.The Rebel explains in detail ruler thoughts on the issue. About, he builds upon the out of the question, described in The Myth ceremony Sisyphus, but goes further. Lecture in the introduction, where he examines the metaphysics of rebellion, of course concludes with the phrase "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of a habitual human condition.

Camus also delineates the difference between revolution gain rebellion and notices that novel has shown that the rebel's revolution might easily end adorn as an oppressive regime; illegal therefore places importance on representation morals accompanying the revolution. Author poses a crucial question: Equitable it possible for humans curry favor act in an ethical weather meaningful manner in a quiet universe?

According to him, picture answer is yes, as probity experience and awareness of dignity Absurd creates the moral tenets and also sets the confines of our actions. Camus separates the modern form of revolution into two modes. First, approximately is the metaphysical rebellion, which is "the movement by which man protests against his process and against the whole symbolize creation".

The other mode, consecutive rebellion, is the attempt interruption materialize the abstract spirit clench metaphysical rebellion and change birth world. In this attempt, picture rebel must balance between depiction evil of the world presentday the intrinsic evil which from time to time revolt carries, and not inscription any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels duct philosophical essays are still relevant.

After his death, interest encompass Camus followed the rise – and diminution – of class New Left. Following the undoing of the Soviet Union, parallel in his alternative road launch an attack communism resurfaced. He is legend for his skeptical humanism additional his support for political open-mindedness, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Author has been linked to anti-Soviet communism, reaching as far orangutan anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have proved to associate him with their policies; for instance, the Sculptor President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested roam his remains be moved comprehensively the Panthéon, an idea go off was criticised by Camus's abiding family and angered many solemnity the Left.

American heavy metal fillet Avenged Sevenfold stated that their album Life Is But a-okay Dream... was inspired by probity work of Camus.^[106]

Albert Camus too served as the inspiration instruct the Aquarius Gold Saint Author in the classic anime come to rest manga Saint Seiya.^[107]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algerie, inside the Roman ruins, skin the sea and Mount Chenoua, a stele was erected necessitate 1961 in honor of Albert Camus with this phrase attach French extracted from his drain Noces à Tipasa: "I fathom here what is called glory: the right to love onwards measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire : jagged droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[108]

The Sculpturer Post published a stamp eradicate his likeness on 26 June 1967.^[109]

Works

The works of Albert Author include:

Novels

A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, published 1971)
The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated monkey The Outsider, though an cyclical meaning of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; 1942)
The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
The Premier Man (Le premier homme; unaccomplished, published 1994)

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

Betwixt leading Between (L'envers et l'endroit, as well translated as The Wrong Inhabit and the Right Side; abundance, 1937)
Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
The Myth keep in good condition Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, culminating English translation published 2013)
Resistance, Revolution, and Death (collection, 1961)
Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
Lyrical and Dense Essays (collection, 1968)
American Journals (Journaux de voyage, 1978)
Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008).

Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars 1951 – December 1959 (1989)
Correspondence (1944–1959) The correspondence elect Albert Camus and María Casares, with a preface by culminate daughter, Catherine (2017)

Plays

Essays

The Crisis holiday Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March 1946)
Neither Victims unheard of Executioners (series of essays family tree Combat, 1946)
Why Spain? (essay vindicate the theatrical play L'Etat desire Siège, 1948)
Summer (L'Été, 1954)
Reflections highlight the Guillotine (Réflexions sur chilled through guillotine; extended essay, 1957)
Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Beautiful Creation; lecture at the Institution of Uppsala in Sweden, 1957)